A reliable energy-efficient routing protocol plays a key role in underwater data transmission.\nIn the face of acoustic communication challenges in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs),\nincluding long propagation delay, topology change, limited energy, and communication voids,\nwe propose RECRP, a Reliable Energy-efficient Cross-layer Routing Protocol to achieve high data\ndelivery rate. RECRP is a location-free single-copy protocol. The information of the physical layer\nsuch as Doppler scale shift measurement, Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), etc. are\nadopted to estimate the distance, thus no extra hardware is needed for localization. Moreover,\nthe overhead introduced by redundant packets is avoided with the single-copy mechanism.\nTo improve the two-hop packet delivery rate and balance energy consumption among adjacent nodes,\nan optimal maxâ??min method is proposed that dynamically controls transmission power and\nchannel frequency. Furthermore, a surface to bottom routing establishment method is also adopted\nto handle communication voids. Compared with depth-based routing (DBR) and hop-by-hop\nvector-based forwarding (HH-VBF) , RECRP is more energy-efficient with a higher delivery rate.
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